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The Ecological Benefits of Shade-Grown Coffee

The Case for Going Bird Friendly®

By Robert Rice, with assistance from Mauricio Bedoya
Published: September 2010

Executive Summary

The market for organic, shade-grown coffee grown to the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center's Bird Friendly® criteria reached more than $3.5 million in 2008, averaging a 145% annual increase between 2000 and 2008. About 1,400 growers in 8 countries and more than 45 roasters in the U.S., Canada, the Netherlands, and Japan carr Bird Friendly® coffee imported by 16 companies.

However, until today, no one report had collected the wide-ranging benefits of shade-grown coffee production. By reviewing more than 50 studies on shade-grown coffee farms in regions ranging from Central and South America to Indonesia over the past 15 years, the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (SMBC) can now make the case that shade-grown coffee production is the next best thing to a natural forest, and put to rest any arguments about the sustainability of a sun-coffee system.

In study after study, habitat on shade-grown coffee farms outshone sun-grown coffee farms with increased numbers and species of birds as well as and improved bird habitat, soil protection/erosion control, carbon sequestration, natural pest control and improved pollination. While sun-grown systems can have higher yields, the shaded farms easily outperform them in sustainability measurements with the trees providing an array of ecological services that offer both direct and indirect "income/payback" to farmers and the environment.

The "hidden yield" in the shade vs. sun comparison is that of the non-coffee products and opportunities coming from the shaded system. In addition to ecotourism on several shade coffee farms, firewood, fruits, building materials and medicinal plants are all resources harvested to varying degrees by shade coffee farmers and used and/or sold by farmers.

Excitingly, some of the studies in Mexico and Costa Rica were supported with funds from royalties remitted to SMBC by roasters involved in the BF program.. Over the past decade, SMBC has given more than $100,000 to researchers looking into the benefits of shade coffee production and other questions related to migratory birds.

Over 95 percent of BF coffee comes from coffee farms in Central and South America with the remainder coming from Africa. The producers manage more than 12,000 acres (5,000 hectares) of BF area and coffee farms in Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela, producing more than 6 million pounds of BF coffee in the 2007-2008 harvest year. Peru ranks first in Bird Friendly coffee production (39 percent), and together, Peru, Guatemala and Mexico account for 77 percent of all production.

The Ecological Benefits of Shade Grown Coffee: The Case for Going Bird Friendly

Since the introduction of the shade-grown coffee concept to the industry by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (SMBC) in 1996 at the First Sustainable Coffee Congress it organized and hosted, the concept of shade-grown coffee has garnered attention from importers and roasters looking to capture segmented markets, particularly in the specialty coffee sector. Many coffee producers, of course, have long known the benefits of shade.

Now consumers can be happy to know that the shade-grown coffee they drink has extensive environmental value. And there is evidence that shade improves the taste.

Below is an overview of the ecological benefits of shade-grown coffee production, the result of a review of more than 50 studies on the subject conducted in many producing countries over the past decade. These agroforestry systems—coffee grown in association with a diversity of trees providing shade as well as ecotourism opportunities and useful products such as firewood, fruits, medicinal plants, and construction materials—act, as the name implies, in many ways as forests.

For example, shade coffee trees provide extensive habitat oftentimes in regions wracked by forest destruction and other landscape transformations harmful to natural ecosystems and their functioning. The forest-like conditions of these systems allow for a wealth of ecological dynamics to occur including increased bird habitat, soil protection/erosion control, carbon sequestration, natural pest control, and improved pollination, making such systems vital for conservation initiatives.

While not all shade coffee farms might meet the SMBC's rigorous Bird Friendly® (BF) criteria (developed in 1997 following the Coffee Congress) for what constitutes quality shade in terms of habitat, scientific field work bolsters the notion that having a mix of trees reaching a specific height and foliage density (see the BF criteria at nationalzoo.si.edu/bf) is a positive land management practice that enhances biodiversity.

It is the high species and structural diversity of these shaded systems that creates the forest-like conditions, resulting in agricultural land use with environmental value. Such farms cannot replace natural forest (many animal species require natural areas). However, they support significant numbers of species, create the conditions for ecological processes, and help to maintain landscapes that would otherwise be much poorer in biodiversity.

Strict comparisons between BF certified and non-certified shade farms are few, so the information in this report comes largely from studies done on farms of varying levels of shade, some of which might well qualify as Bird Friendly. Where contrasts can be made with BF farms specifically, we note that. And given that the BF certification is considered by industry experts to be the most rigorous shade certification, any of the benefits of shade presented here will be enhanced where BF farms are found.

Of course, the benefits of shade-grown coffee production only exist for coffee produced beneath a canopy that truly mimics forest conditions. Over the years, some companies have made claims their coffee is shade-grown but have failed to get it certified to any particular criteria, creating what could be dubious or outright false marketing claims. The only way for consumers to know for sure about the shade claims is to look for the seal from a third party independent body that shows the production meets strict standards. The Bird Friendly® logo is such a seal.

With the US market for Bird Friendly coffee witnessing a hundred-fold increase between 2000 and 2008 (with an average 145 percent annual increase) and amounting to at least $3.5 million in 2008, the studies show that the ecological benefits of shade-grown coffee are just as good as the coffee itself.

Below, we address the benefits of shade-grown coffee in terms of habitat, soil conservation, pest control and pollination, and water, carbon storage, and climate change.

Species Diversity and Habitat:

As a general rule, managing more trees as shade cover in coffee provides better habitat and supports a more diverse wildlife community than managing fewer trees. The few head-to-head comparisons between Bird Friendly (BF) and non-Bird Friendly coffee farms that have been conducted reveal that, for maintaining biodiversity, the BF farms provide a better habitat.

  • Shade-grown coffee systems in Latin America, Africa and Asia have all been found to harbor high diversity of shade trees
    • Taller and more structurally diverse shade tends to have more bird diversity than shorter, more architecturally uniform shade.
    • A study in southern Mexico found nearly 60% of forest birds use BF farms, compared to only 40% in non-BF farms.
    • Other studies in Mexico show that between 40% and 56% of forest ants were found in BF farms, compared to only 26% to 30% in non-BF farms. Not only is ant diversity an indicator of habitat health, but ants often aid in natural pest control.
  • Coffee plantations in southern Mexico (Chiapas) offer habitat for 180 species of birds (46 of them migratory), a richness rivaled only by natural forest habitats in the region.
  • BF-quality farms in the Venezuelan Andes were shown to support up to 14 times the density of migratory birds compared to local primary forest (likely due to a greater abundance of bird-dispersed, small-fruit tree and shrub species, as well as more flowering plants that attract insects).
  • In a study of shade versus sun coffee comparisons in Guatemala, overall bird abundance and diversity were 30% and 15% greater, respectively, in shaded farms than sun farms.
  • As management practices become more intensive (moving away from traditional shade-grown coffee management to monocropping), the diversity of tree, birds and ants all decline.
  • Shade-grown coffee areas in a number of countries tend to have a greater variety of tree species than local forest remnants.
  • A shaded coffee farm has trees that yield fruits, some of which might be of value to the farmer and animals-and some only useful to animals. Fruit Energy Availability (a measure that combines fruit abundance, fruit size, and fruit caloric value) associated with the shade trees provides a valuable resource for birds and, as one of several variables examined in Costa Rican coffee farms, accounts for more than half (52%) of bird richness (number of bird species) on such.
  • Birds wintering on BF-quality farms in Venezuela showed improved body condition (compared to those in forests in the area) during their time there, a critical issue for making the journey north in the spring. This finding is likely a result of the availability of more small-fruited plants useful to birds and plant flowers that attract insects, offering a buffet of resources.
  • Trees in shaded coffee systems often harbor epiphytes such as bromeliads and orchids, the presence of which enhances bird diversity—birds like the bush-tanager are five times more likely to emigrate from a shade-grown coffee farm without epiphytes compared to a farm with epiphytes (based on a study in Mexico supported by BF funds). Epiphytes can harbor lots of insects as a food source for birds, as well as provide nesting material for resident birds.
  • Up to 65% of cerulean warblers banded one year in Venezuela returned to the same coffee plantations the following year, emphasizing the importance of quality habitat (shade-grown coffee) and site fidelity (repeated use of a habitat in migratory birds).

Soil Conservation:

The presence of a tree cover on what are often very steep mountainous landscapes in high-rainfall areas helps stabilize slopes and minimize soil erosion. The tree roots, leafy canopy cover, and leaf litter on the ground all help do this.

  • The mere presence of agroforestry buffers (strips of different tree species) within agricultural fields has been associated with increases in soil carbon, soil nitrogen, and enzyme activity (all of which are important factors for soil fertility and plant health), as well as an increase in the presence of "water stable aggregates" (a soil structure feature that inhibits erosion).
  • In an eight year study in Colombia, shade-grown coffee lost 0.24 metric tons of soil per hectare per year, compared to a hay field's 23 metric tons and a corn field's 860 metric tons being lost per hectare per year. Natural forests erosion rates can range between 0.03 and 0.3 metric tons per hectare per year, making shade coffee comparable to these natural systems.
  • Sun coffee systems in Venezuela suffer twice the soil loss from erosion compared to shaded systems.
  • Trees used in alley cropping (strips alternating with coffee) in Indonesian coffee farms reduced erosion by 64% compared to areas without trees.
  • A study in Nicaragua showed that open-sun coffee lost more than 2.5 times the soil lost by a shade-grown coffee on the same hill sides.
  • In Nicaragua, carbon content in the soil (an indicator of soil fertility) of shaded coffee was found to be 18% higher than that found in coffee with little or no shade.
  • Fertility measurement (expressed at cation exchange capacity) in Nicaraguan shade-grown coffee farms revealed a 19% increase when compared to farms with little or no shade.
  • Infiltration rates (important for soil moisture and plant growth) in unshaded coffee systems in Nicaragua decreased by as much as 75% over a time span of 6 to 10 years
  • Soil moisture in sun coffee farms can be 42% lower compared to coffee farms that have leafy foliage as canopy.

Pest Control and Pollination:

A widely accepted ecological concept maintains that diversity creates ecological stability. In lay terms, that means a more bio-diverse system such as a shade-grown coffee farm with many species of plants supports more highly diverse fauna. The various animals—including insects and other arthropods, birds, lizards, and more-form complex and dynamic food webs, an important aspect of the overall ecological workings of a healthy environment. Birds display greater predation on insect larvae in more shaded coffee systems. Insects such as bees help to pollinate trees, flowering plants and coffee, and predators keep insect pests that might otherwise harm production in check.

Even though the shade-grown coffee system is a farmer's managed land, the diversity and complexity of the vegetation creates a setting that mimics many of the physical and ecological characteristics of a natural habitat. Of course, it's not nearly so complex or rich as untouched forests, but for an agricultural land use, it can be impressive when we see what such diversity yields.

  • Coffee farms in Costa Rica that have flowering plants within their borders have higher bee diversity than those without such flowering resources (nectar and pollen). Bee pollination has been shown to increase yields in coffee.
  • Bee species diversity increases fruit set in coffee: in Indonesia, coffee plants visited by 3 species of bees had 60% fruit set; those with 20 species or more had 90% fruit set.
  • A study in Guatemala found that birds can reduce herbivorous insect presence on coffee from 64 to 80%--and excluding birds from coffee plants resulted in greater insect damage to coffee leaves.
  • Where birds were excluded from coffee plants in a study in Jamaica, researchers saw a 70% increase in the proportion of coffee fruits infested with the Coffee Berry Borer, coffee's most feared insect pest.
  • The same study in Jamaica found migratory birds responsible for 73% of the predation incidences (eating) on the Coffee Berry Borer. The primary predators were Black-throated Blue Warblers, American Redstarts and Prairie Warblers-all neotropical migratory birds.
  • Keeping birds out of shade-grown coffee areas in Chiapas, Mexico resulted in a 30% and 64% increase in arthropods like caterpillars and other chewing insects (which can damage leaves and reduce photosynthesis or introduce disease) on coffee in the dry and wet season, respectively.
  • Biological control by birds acting as predators on the Coffee Berry Borer in Jamaica was calculated to be worth $75/hectare in 2005, averaging $1004 per farm studied. This equals approximately 30% of the per capita gross national income for that time.
  • While birds control insects at day, nighttime finds bats to be important arthropod predators in shade-grown coffee. A Chiapas, Mexico study found that arthropod (insects, spiders, mites, etc.) presence in coffee increased by 84% during the wet season when bats were excluded from the coffee plants. Of course, not all arthropods are "bad" in such systems; some are predators themselves on insect pests of coffee.
  • In addition, the leaf litter that serves as protective mulch gets incorporated into the soil eventually, adding organic matter that maintains healthy soil structure and recycles nutrients-very similar to a forest situation.

Water, Carbon Storage, and Climate Change:

A study based on 7,000 farmers in Mexico and Central America predicts that global warming trends will shrink coffee area by as much as 30% by 2050. Thus, it is important to take action to mitigate human-based activities resulting in climate change. Some of these changes are predicted to occur in areas of high-quality coffee production, like the Veracruz region of Mexico.

The mere biomass associated with the shade tree component of coffee agroforestry systems can easily be seen as a carbon sink, where carbon is bound up in the trunks, limbs, and leaves (above ground biomass) as well as the roots (below ground biomass). As with natural forests, the carbon sequestered within a shade-grown coffee farm's shade trees will be locked up in the wood (as opposed to being in the atmosphere and adding to global warming) until the trees are removed. Moreover, the soil itself incorporates carbon from the organic matter that accumulates and gets broken down over time. The presence of trees in shade-grown coffee farms, then, can help keep carbon out of the atmosphere, as well as act as a possible buffer to future temperature increases brought on by climatic change. In addition, as with natural forests, the presence of trees can help protect water supplies in both quantity and quality.

  • Nitrogen-fixing trees in shade-grown coffee can put up to 100 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare per year into the soil, potentially reducing the amount of fertilizer a farmer would have to apply by 25 to 30%.
  • On a per hectare per year basis, leguminous (nitrogen-fixing) trees such as Erythrina spp. can increase the soil nitrogen content by 31% when sun and shade-grown coffee systems are compared (111 kilogram per hectare per year versus 145 kilogram per hectare per year).
  • With nitrogen fertilization (a common practice in non-organic coffee production), coffee farms without shade trees leach more nitrate into the ground water supply than shaded farms, contaminating the stored water.
  • Shade-grown coffee systems in Indonesia have soil carbon stocks in the upper 30 centimeter soil layer that are equal to 60% of those found in primary forest there, and they show 58% more total carbon stock (soil and biomass) than sun coffee.
  • Trees in a coffee agroforestry system greatly influence water cycling via increased rainfall interception, reduced surface runoff, greater retention of water in the soil, and increased infiltration.
  • In Sumatra, Indonesia, conversion of sun coffee to shade-grown coffee is credited for the rehabilitation of watershed dynamics, such as improved infiltration (less surface runoff) and recharge of subsurface water resources.
  • Long term predictions for carbon sequestration for a shaded coffee system in Costa Rica (commonly not very diverse or dense in terms of shade cover) were calculated at 99 tons of carbon per hectare, compared to only 70 tons per hectare for a pine-oak stand (29% less), 103 tons per hectare for a Norway spruce stand (4% more) and 114 tons per hectare for a Douglas fir-beech stand (14% more). These one and two-species stands, however, are not nearly so diverse as the shade coffee and are managed for eventual and complete removal. Moreover, the general lack of tree diversity and even-age characteristics creates a different (and likely less diverse) habitat overall than does shade coffee.

About Bird Friendly® Coffee

Bird Friendly® Coffee (BFC) carries a seal of approval that assures consumers the coffee has met specific criteria developed by the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center (SMBC).

Bird Friendly is certified organic coffee produced on farms with a shade cover that provides a substantial and vital habitat for migratory and resident birds in tropical landscapes, which are increasingly threatened by deforestation globally at an unprecedented rate. The Bird Friendly criteria are the world's most stringent standards for shade-grown coffee production. Migratory birds, including the popular Baltimore Oriole, are not only beautiful with vibrant songs, but are integral to tropical and temperate ecosystems alike, providing flower pollination and seed dispersal, among other roles.

Sales of organic, shade-grown coffee grown to the Bird Friendly standards of the National Zoo's Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center rose to nearly $3.5 million in 2008, according to a report by Dr. Robert Rice, a geographer at the SMBC. According to the report, The Global Market for Bird Friendly Coffee: 2008 (the most recent data available), the majority (61 percent) of all Bird Friendly coffee roasted was consumed in the United States, followed by Japan (36 percent) and Canada (3 percent).

More than 95 percent of Bird Friendly coffee comes from coffee farms in Central and South America with the remainder coming from Africa. Some 1,400 producers manage more than 12,000 acres (5,000 hectares) of Bird Friendly area and coffee farms, and they produced more than 6 million pounds of Bird Friendly coffee in the 2007-2008 harvest year. Peru ranks first in Bird Friendly coffee production (39 percent), and together, Peru, Guatemala and Mexico account for 77 percent of all production.

The volume of Bird Friendly coffee sold in the United States between 2000 and 2008 increased more than a hundredfold (averaging a 145 percent annual increase), from fewer than 2,000 pounds to 200,400 pounds. There are 44 roasters in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and Japan that carry Bird Friendly coffee imported by 16 companies.

Since 2003/2004, SMBC has given more than $100,000 in grants to scientists and to efforts aimed at educating the public about the concept of BF coffee. The grants have supported projects researching various aspects of coffee's role in biodiversity maintenance, as well as to studies focusing on birds in cacao systems, vineyards in California and agrofuels in the mid-western region of the US. The program, funded by a pennies-on-the-pound royalty fee sent to SMBC by Bird Friendly roasters, will continue to support work that explores the connections between birds and coffee, as well as research on birds in other managed lands. These remittances paid by forward-looking coffee roasters help to fund scientific work that would otherwise not be done.

"Bird Friendly®" Coffee Criteria at a Glance

Concept Criteria
Height of canopy ≥12 meters for the canopy of the stratum made by the "backbone" species
Foliage cover ≥40%, measured during dry season after pruning
Floristic diversity of trees and wood shrubs ≥10 woody species (in addition to the backbone species). At least 10 of these should represent 1% or more of all individuals sampled, and be dispersed throughout the coffee holding.
Total floristic diversity The sum of all woody and herbaceous species counted in the sampling.
Structural diversity The "architecture" or profile of the coffee farm should show evidence of some layers or strata-preferably three: 1. The layer formed by the backbone species and other trees of that size; 2. The stratum of taller, emergent species, comprised of native trees of the natural forest; 3. The stratum beneath the principal canopy (that of the backbone species), made up of shrubs and small trees or plants, like Musa spp.and citrus. The emergent and understory strata each should ideally account for 20% of the total foliage volume present. The remaining 60% of the foliage volume should be that of the principal canopy (backbone species and trees of the same height as the backbone species).
Leaf litter Should be present; no minimum percentage required, but, together with living ground cover, soil needs protecting (as with organic criteria)
Weeds/herbs/forbs Should be present; no minimum percentage required.
Living fences Where appropriate and feasible, should be present.
Buffer zones along waterways Should exist and be composed of native vegetation. Along streams they should measure ≥5 meters wide (one each side); for rivers they should be ≥10 meters wide.
Visual characterization—"gestalt" Should qualify at least for the category "Traditional polyculture" (the more diverse category of the polyculture systems)
Organic certification Must have current organic certification by a USDA-accredited certification agency.

Bird Friendly® Coffee Roasters

In the United States:

In Canada:

In Japan:

  • Camel Coffee Co. (Kaldi Farms)
    Tokyo, Japan
  • Ogawa Coffee
    Kyoto, Japan
  • Ueshima Coffee Co.
    Tokyo, Japan

In Europe:

  • Simon-Levelt BV
    Haarlem, the Netherlands

Bird Friendly® Coffee Importers

In the United States:

In Canada:

In Japan:

  • Sumitomo Corporation
    Tokyo, Japan

In Europe:

  • Simon-Levelt
    Haarlem, The Netherlands

Bird Friendly® Coffee Certifying Agencies

  • 141 Bradford Natural Market
    USA
  • A Matter of Health
    USA
  • Adams Fairacre Farms
    USA
  • Adelaide Club
    CAN
  • Akron Nutrition
    USA
  • Allpeco Ltd
    France
  • Alternative Food Co-op
    USA
  • Asobagri
    Guatemala
  • Asociación Civil Guayab
    Guatemala
  • Asociación Civil Guayab
    Guatemala
  • Atlantic Specialty Coffee
    USA
  • Atlas Coffee Importers, LLC
    USA
  • Audubon Greenwich Nature Store
    USA
  • Back to Earth
    USA
  • Back to the Land
    USA
  • Baldwin Naturals
    CAN
  • Balzac's Coffee
    CAN
  • Bay Head Cheese Shop
    USA
  • BCS OKO-GARANTIE
    Germany
  • BD Imports
    USA
  • Beanetics Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • BeanFruit Coffee Company
    USA
  • Beneficio Tepeyac
    El Salvador
  • Bethesda Co-Op
    USA
  • BIO LATINA S.A.C.
    Peru
  • Bird Watchers General Store
    USA
  • Birds & Beans LLC
    USA
  • Birds and Beans Inc.
    CAN
  • Birds and Beans Inc.
    CAN
  • Bisbee Coffee Company
    USA
  • Black Dirt Gourmet
    USA
  • Blue Hill Co-op Market
    USA
  • Bohemia Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • Boise Consumer Coop
    USA
  • BOLICERT
    Bolivia
  • Brukner Nature Center
    USA
  • Buffalo Mountain Food Coop
    USA
  • Café Imports
    USA
  • Café Cumbre
    Mexico
  • Café R. Opoch
    Mexico
  • Cafetal San Pablo
    Mexico
  • CAFETAL SINAI
    Mexico
  • Caffe Ibis
    USA
  • Caffe Ibis
    USA
  • Caffe Ibis, Inc.
    USA
  • Cambridge Naturals
    USA
  • Cape May Bird Observatory, NJ Audubon
    USA
  • Carlucci Bakery
    USA
  • Carmel Valley Coffee Roasting
    USA
  • CASFA, A.C.--EOCSA
    Mexico
  • Central Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • Ceremony Coffee
    USA
  • CERES
    Germany
  • CERTIMEX
    Mexico
  • CGG PERHUSA
    Peru
  • City Market Co-op
    USA
  • Claremont Cycle Depot
    USA
  • Clover Farm Market
    USA
  • COCAFCAL
    Honduras
  • COCLA
    Peru
  • Cody Coffee Company
    USA
  • Coffee and Tea, LTD
    USA
  • Coffee Holding Co., Inc.
    USA
  • Coffee Labs Roasters, Inc.
    USA
  • Coffee Traders, Inc.
    USA
  • CoffeeAM.com
    USA
  • Coffeecology Inc.
    CAN
  • Columbia Land Conservancy
    USA
  • Connecticut Audubon Society Center
    USA
  • Control Union Indonesia
    The Netherlands
  • Control Union Peru
    Peru
  • COOPCHEBI
    Peru
  • Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Jose Olaya
    Peru
  • Cooperativa Integral de Comercializacion Maya Ixil
    Guatemala
  • Cooperativa Nuevo Milenio S.S.S.
    Mexico
  • Cooperative San Juan del Oro
    Peru
  • Cornucopia Natural Foods
    USA
  • Crescent Moon Coffee & Tea
    USA
  • Daily Roast
    USA
  • Daisy Hill Farm
    USA
  • Davis Food Coop
    USA
  • Debras Natural Gourmet
    USA
  • DeGraaf Nature Center
    USA
  • Diversificados Argovia S.A.
    Mexico
  • Earth Goods Market
    USA
  • Eco-LOGICA
    Costa Rica
  • ECOCERT COLOMBIA
    Colombia
  • Eden Coffee Company
    USA
  • Eklectica Cafe
    USA
  • El Pedregazo
    Colombia
  • Elan Organic
    USA
  • Espresso Yourself Café
    USA
  • Everything Natural
    USA
  • Excelco Trading, LP
    USA
  • Fair Trade Winds
    USA
  • FIECH
    Mexico
  • Finca Agroberlin
    Colombia
  • Finca Argovia y Anexos
    Mexico
  • Finca Bosques de Gaia / Gaia Estate
    Nicaragua
  • Finca Bourbon
    Guatemala
  • Finca Ceylan y Anexos
    Guatemala
  • Finca Dolores
    Mexico
  • Finca El Chorro
    Mexico
  • Finca El Chorro
    Mexico
  • Finca El Imposible
    El Salvador
  • Finca Irlanda
    Mexico
  • Finca La Cabaña
    Colombia
  • Finca Pancum
    Guatemala
  • Finca Providencia
    Mexico
  • Finca San José La Laguna
    Guatemala
  • Finca Santa Barbara
    El Salvador
  • Finca Santa Cruz y Las Nubes
    Mexico
  • Finca Santa Isabel
    El Salvador
  • Finca Santa Rita
    Guatemala
  • Finca Spirit Mountain
    Dominican Republic
  • Finca-Irlanda
    El Salvador
  • Fincas Arabia y Piedras Negras
    Mexico
  • Firebird Cafe
    USA
  • Fitzgeralds Foods
    USA
  • Food For Health
    USA
  • Foods For the Family
    USA
  • Foodworks
    USA
  • For the Birds
    USA
  • Fort Collins Coop
    USA
  • Four Seasons Natural Foods
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Albany
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Anchorage
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Anchorage East
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Auburn
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Aurora
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Ballard
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Battle Ground
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Beaverton
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bellevue
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bellingham
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bend
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Benson Plaza
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bethel Station
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Boise
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Boise-Franklin
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bonney Lake
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Bothell
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Brookings
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Burien
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Burlingame
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Burlington
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Canby
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Clackamas
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Coeur d'Alene
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Coos Bay
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Cornelius
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Corvallis
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Covington
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Dimond
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Division
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Eagle River
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - East Bench
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - East Fairbanks
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - East Salem
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - East Wenatchee
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Ellensburg
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Everett
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Fairbanks
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Federal Way
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Fisher"s Landing
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Florence
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Fourth Plain
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Gateway
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Gig Harbor
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Glisan
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Grants Pass
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Gresham
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Hawthorne
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Hazel Dell
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Hillsboro
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Hollywood
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Idaho Falls
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Interstate
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Issaquah
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - James Center
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Johnson Creek
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Juneau
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Kennewick
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Kent
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Kitsap
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Klamath Falls
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Lacey
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Lake City
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Longview
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Lynnwood
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Marysville
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Medford
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Medford South
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Meridian
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Midway
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Mill Creek
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Mill Plain
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Monroe
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Nampa
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Newberg
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Newport
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - North Coast
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - North Salem
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Oak Grove
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Orchards
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Oregon City
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Palmer
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Peninsula
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Pocatello
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Port Orchard
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Puyallup
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Raleigh Hills
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Redmond
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Redmond
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Renton
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Richland
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Roseburg
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Salmon Creek
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Sandy
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Santa Clara
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Scappoose
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - SE Anchorage
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Shelton
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Soldotna
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - South Hill
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - South Salem
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Southeast
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Spokane Francis
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Spokane Sullivan
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Spokane Thor
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Springfield
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Stadium
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Sumner
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Sunset
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tacoma Pacific
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tacoma Stevens
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - The Dalles
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tigard
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tillamook
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Totem Lake
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tualatin
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Tumwater
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Twin Falls
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - University Place
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Walker Road
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Wandermere
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Wasilla
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - West Eugene
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - West Fairbanks
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Wood Village
    USA
  • Fred Meyer - Yakima
    USA
  • Freeport Wild Bird Supply
    USA
  • Fresh Beanz Coffee
    USA
  • Front Door Organics
    CAN
  • Garden of Light
    USA
  • Gillies Coffee Co.
    USA
  • Global Beans
    USA
  • Global Village Market
    CAN
  • Golden Valley Farms
    USA
  • Good Earth Market
    USA
  • Gourmet Coffee Warehouse
    USA
  • Granby Village Health Inc
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Grange Co-op Store
    USA
  • Great Northern Coffee Co., Inc.
    USA
  • Green Crop-Finca Brack
    Peru
  • Green Grocer
    USA
  • Green Star Coffee
    USA
  • Green Star Coffee
    USA
  • Grounds For Change, Inc.
    USA
  • Grupo de Asesores de Produccion Organica y Sustenable S.C.
    Mexico
  • Hacienda Carabobo of the Cisneros-Phelps Family
    Venezuela
  • Hacienda El Cafetal
    Ecuador
  • Hacienda El Cafetal de AGRICABV S.A.
    Bolivia
  • Hacienda la Hammonia Cia y Ltda
    Nicaragua
  • Hacienda Santa Rita
    Colombia
  • Hamilton Whole Foods
    USA
  • Hanover Coop Store
    USA
  • Hawk Mountain Sanctuary
    USA
  • Health Nuts
    USA
  • Healthy Alternatives
    USA
  • Holland Coffee (CA) Inc.
    USA
  • Home Grounds
    USA
  • IMO-LA
    Bolivia
  • InterAmerican Coffee
    USA
  • Ismam
    Mexico
  • Its Only Natural
    USA
  • Java Trading Co. (Distant Lands)
    USA
  • Jedd's Frozen Custard
    CAN
  • Jim's Organic Coffee
    USA
  • Joe Coffee & Espresso
    USA
  • Johnsons Milling and Feed, Inc.
    USA
  • Juice and Java
    USA
  • Juice and Java
    USA
  • K & F Select Fine Coffees
    USA
  • Kaffe Magnum Opus, Inc.
    USA
  • Kaladi Bros. Coffee Company
    USA
  • Kellogg Bird Sanctuary
    USA
  • Kencaf Importing & Distributing, Inc.
    CAN
  • KoKo Espresso
    USA
  • Kopi Cafe
    USA
  • Kyoto Coffee
    CAN
  • La Florida
    Peru
  • LaBonne's Market
    USA
  • Lamas
    Peru
  • Lazy Acres Market
    USA
  • Le Petit Chateau Inn
    USA
  • Lebanon Coop Store
    USA
  • Lola Savannah, Ltd.
    USA
  • Lomas al Río
    Costa Rica
  • Lula Lounge
    CAN
  • Manse Lane Bed & Breakfast
    CAN
  • Martindale@apos;s Natural Market
    USA
  • Mass Audubon, Drumlin Farm
    USA
  • Mass Audubon, Ipswich River
    USA
  • MAYACERT
    Guatemala
  • Mean Bean
    USA
  • Mesa de los Santos (El Roble)
    Colombia
  • Milagro de Casablanca
    El Salvador
  • Mohonk Preserve
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • MOM's Organic Market
    USA
  • Mother Earth Natural Foods
    USA
  • Mother Earth's Storehouse
    USA
  • Mother Earth's Storehouse
    USA
  • Multatuli Coffee Merchants
    CAN
  • Murfreesboro Parks and Recreation
    USA
  • Nantucket Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • Natural Food Store
    USA
  • Natural Foods General Store
    USA
  • Nature Food Store
    USA
  • Nature's Temptations
    USA
  • Nature@apos;s Network Organic Food Market
    USA
  • Natures Emporium
    USA
  • Natures Grocer
    USA
  • Natures Pantry
    USA
  • Natures Temptations
    USA
  • New Frontier Coffee
    USA
  • New Frontiers Natural Foods #10
    USA
  • New Frontiers Natural Foods #4
    USA
  • New Frontiers Natural Foods #5
    USA
  • New Frontiers Natural Foods #6
    USA
  • New Frontiers Natural Foods #9
    USA
  • New Hampshire Audubon Shop
    USA
  • New Leaf Market
    USA
  • New Leaf Market
    USA
  • New Leaf Market
    USA
  • Newark Natural Foods Co-op
    USA
  • Nubes de Oro S de SS
    Mexico
  • Nueva Armenia
    Guatemala
  • OCIA INTERNATIONAL, INC.
    United States
  • Old Crown, Inc.
    USA
  • OPTCO
    USA
  • Ottos Market
    USA
  • Panacea: an eco shopping oasis
    CAN
  • Pandora's Pantry
    CAN
  • Pandora's Pantry
    CAN
  • Paragon Coffee Trading Co.
    USA
  • Park Natural Health Foods
    USA
  • Pecks Market of Eldred
    USA
  • Pecks Market of Livingston Manor
    USA
  • Poor John's Café
    CAN
  • Porto Rico Importing Co.
    USA
  • Porto Rico Importing Co.
    USA
  • Porto Rico Importing Co.
    USA
  • Proassa
    Peru
  • PROCAFE
    Ecuador
  • PROCAFEQ
    Ecuador
  • Proinnova S.A.
    El Salvador
  • Pronatur
    Peru
  • Provisions Natural Market
    USA
  • QAI, INC.
    United States
  • QUALITY CERTIFICATION SERVICES
    United States
  • Rainbow Grocery
    USA
  • Red Hook Natural Foods
    USA
  • Rising Tide
    USA
  • River Valley Market
    USA
  • Rock Valley Garden Center Inc.
    USA
  • Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History
    USA
  • Royal Coffee
    USA
  • Royal Coffee NY
    USA
  • S & D Coffee
    USA
  • Sacramento Natural Foods Co-op
    USA
  • Sages Cafe
    USA
  • San Juan Utapa
    Guatemala
  • Selva Andina
    Peru
  • Silver City Food Co-op
    USA
  • Singing Cricket
    USA
  • Soul Sista's
    CAN
  • Specialty Coffee LC
    USA
  • Stewarts Market
    USA
  • Stockton Graham & Co.
    USA
  • Sun Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • Sunflower Natural Foods Market
    USA
  • Super Natural Foods
    USA
  • Sussex County Food Co-op Inc
    USA
  • Sweet Clover Market
    USA
  • Sweet Olenka's
    CAN
  • Table Local Market
    USA
  • Tempisque et al
    El Salvador
  • The Audubon Shop
    USA
  • The Baltimore Coffee & Tea Co. , Inc.
    USA
  • The Beanery Coffee Roasters
    USA
  • The Big Carrot
    CAN
  • The Bird House
    USA
  • The Bird's Nest
    USA
  • The Briar Patch Community Market
    USA
  • The Creemore Coffee Company
    CAN
  • The Good Life
    USA
  • The Green Cricket
    CAN
  • The Living Earth
    USA
  • The Sweet Potato
    CAN
  • The Urban Nature Store
    CAN
  • The Urban Nature Store
    CAN
  • The Vermont Bird Place and Sky Watch
    USA
  • Thyme and Season
    USA
  • Tierra Viva
    Ecuador
  • Tinto Coffee House
    CAN
  • Toronto Botanical Garden
    CAN
  • Toucanet Coffee
    USA
  • Tradewinds Coffee Co., Inc.
    USA
  • Tully Lark Coffee Shop
    CAN
  • UCA San Juan del Rio Coco
    Nicaragua
  • Union de Productores Mexicanos Tierra Nueva
    Mexico
  • Upper Valley Food Coop
    USA
  • Urban Nature Store
    CAN
  • Varzea da Onca
    Brazil
  • Vermont Institute of Natural Science
    USA
  • VOLCAFE USA
    USA
  • Weaver's Way Co-op
    USA
  • Wheatsfield Grocery
    USA
  • White Mountain Gourmet Coffee
    USA
  • Whole Foods Berkeley
    USA
  • Whole Foods Beverly Hills
    USA
  • Whole Foods Brentwood
    USA
  • Whole Foods Campbell
    USA
  • Whole Foods Cupertino
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    CAN
  • Whole Foods Market
    CAN
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Market
    USA
  • Whole Foods Mill Valley
    USA
  • Whole Foods Monteray
    USA
  • Whole Foods Palo Alto
    USA
  • Whole Foods San Francisco
    USA
  • Whole Foods San Rafael
    USA
  • Whole Foods San Ramone
    USA
  • Whole Foods Sebastopol
    USA
  • Whole Foods Walnut Creek
    USA
  • Whole Foods West Hollywood
    USA
  • Whole Foods Woodland Hills
    USA
  • Wicked Joe
    USA
  • Wild Bird Center
    USA
  • Wild Bird Center
    USA
  • Wild Bird Center of Monterey
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    CAN
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    CAN
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    CAN
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited
    USA
  • Wild Birds Unlimited Nature Shop
    USA
  • Wild Oats Community Market #134
    USA
  • Wild Oats Community Market #42
    USA
  • Willow Creek Books and Coffee
    USA
  • Yasmin Coffee Plantation
    Ethiopia
  • Yeti Agro Forestry Plc
    Ethiopia
  • Ypsilanti Food Co-op
    USA
  • Zephyr Green Coffee LLC
    USA

View References

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