North American porcupine

Their fur ranges in color from brownish-yellow to black, and they sport white highlights in their quills.

The porcupine's most famous feature—the quill—is hollow, 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7 centimeters) in length, and lightly attached to the porcupine's skin. Porcupines are covered in about 30,000 quills. Quills are not thrown or shot, as popularly conceived. Because quills are so lightly attached, they come off easily when a predator encounters them. When the quills enter the skin of a predator, they work their way further into the skin at a rate of 1 mm an hour. Porcupines are more likely to flee predators, but if cornered, it will erect its quills, turn its back to the attacker and lash its barbed tail.

While porcupines spend most of the time on the ground, they are good climbers and regularly climb trees in search of food (and occasionally are found to build nests in trees.) They are also good swimmers.

The North American porcupine is one of the largest rodents found in North America, coming second to the North America beaver. They weigh around 20 pounds (9 kilograms) and are 2 to 3 feet (60 to 90 centimeters) in length.

North American porcupines are native to the coniferous and mixed-forest habitats of Canada, the northeastern and western regions of the United States and northern Mexico. Besides forests, porcupines can also be found in grasslands, desert shrub communities and even tundra.

In the wild, they are known to live as long as 18 years.

Porcupines are generalists, eating a wide range of plant material. Their diet changes seasonally. In the winter, they primarily eat evergreen needles and the inner bark of trees, often feeding heavily on a single tree causing damage or death to the tree. In the spring and summer, porcupines shift to eating berries, seeds, grasses, leaves, roots and stems.

At the Smithsonian's National Zoo, the porcupines eat herbivore pellets and a variety of fruits, vegetables and greens. Their favorite food item is corn on the cob. They also get browse several days a week and chew on the tree bark in their exhibit.

Breeding season is fall and early winter. They conduct an elaborate courtship involving extensive vocalizations, a courtship dance, and the male usually showers the female with urine before mating. Gestation lasts 205 to 217 days. Young (called porcupettes) are born in the spring/early summer. There is generally one porcupette per litter—twins are rare.

While not threatened, hunting by humans has caused populations to decline. Porcupines are targeted by the timber and agriculture industry due to certain destructive behaviors.

Jeffery is a male North American porcupine. He was born on April 5, 2020, at the Staten Island Zoo in New York. He came to the zoo in May of 2021. 

He can often be found up high in the branches, usually near the female, Khaleesi. He is the smaller of the two and has a blacker coat. His favorite snacks are nuts and corn on the cob.

Khaleesi is a female North American porcupine. She was born on April 28, 2015, at the Elmwood Park Zoo in Pennsylvania. She came to the zoo in June 2024 to be a breeding partner for Jeffery. Khaleesi is trained to participate in voluntary ultrasounds to help us track potential pregnancies in the future. During ultrasounds she gets some of her favorite snacks – nuts and a cooked sweet potato mash. 

She can often be found in the wooden box, hallow log, or nestled in the rockwork at the front of the exhibit. She is larger of the two and has a browner coat.

Want to tell them apart? Khaleesi is slightly larger and has a browner coat. Jeffery is slightly smaller and has a blacker coat.